![[Cartoon]](chap20.gif)
Specifies a logical connection (e.g. ``and'', ``or'', ``if''), usually
between sumti.
Also used to create vowel lerfu words when followed with ``bu''.
May be prefixed to a sumti to specify an additional place, not
otherwise present in the place structure of the selbri, and derived
from a single place of some other selbri.
Emphasizes the next single word, or marks it as a nonce word (one
invented for the occasion.
Attaches sumti which fill the place structure of a single unit making up a
tanru. Unless otherwise indicated, the sumti fill the x2, x3, and successive
places in that order. BE is most useful in descriptions formed with LE.
See BEI, BEhO.
Separates multiple sumti attached by BE to a tanru unit.
Elidable terminator for BE. Terminates sumti that are attached
to a tanru unit.
Prefix attached to a mathematical operator to mark it as higher priority
than other mathematical operators, binding its operands more closely.
Joins sumti or tanru units (as well as some other things) to
form intervals. See GAhO.
Joins tanru units, binding them together closely. Also used to
bind logically or non-logically connected phrases, sentences, etc.
BO is always high precedence and right-grouping.
Elidable terminator for PA or BY. Used to terminate a number
(string of numeric cmavo) or lerfu string (string of letter words)
when another string immediately follows.
A suffix which can be attached to any word, typically a word
representing a letter of the alphabet or else a name, to make a word
for a symbol or a different letter of the alphabet. In particular, attached
to single-vowel cmavo to make words for vowel letters.
Words representing the letters of the Lojban alphabet, plus various
shift words which alter the interpretation of other letter words.
A particle which indicates the intensity of an emotion: maximum,
strong, weak, or not at all. Typically follows another particle
which specifies the emotion.
Specifies whether a bridi refers to an actual fact, a potential
(achieved or not), or merely an innate capability.
Assigns a selbri definition to one of the five pro-bridi gismu: ``broda'',
``brode'', ``brodi'', ``brodo'', or ``brodu'', for later use.
Joins multiple terms into a termset. Termsets are used to associate
several terms for logical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or
for special constructs in tenses.
When inserted between the components of a tanru, inverts it, so that
the following tanru unit modifies the previous one.
When prefixed to a name, description, or sumti, produces a vocative:
a phrase which indicates who is being spoken to (or who is speaking).
Vocatives are used in conversational protocols, including greeting,
farewell, and radio communication. See DOI, DOhU.
Separates the selbri of a bridi from any sumti which precede it.
Never strictly necessary, but often useful to eliminate various
elidable terminators.
Forms a question which asks when, where, or in what mode the
rest of the bridi is true. See PU, CAhA, TAhE, and BAI.
Cancels the assigned significance of all sumti cmavo (of selma'o KOhA)
and bridi cmavo (of selma'o GOhA).
The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without COI. No
pause is required between ``doi'' and a following name. See DOhU.
Elidable terminator for COI or DOI. Signals the end of a vocative.
Prefix for a sumti, indicating which numbered place in the
place structure the sumti belongs in; overrides word order.
Specifies the direction in which, or toward which (when marked with MOhI)
or along which (when prefixed by VEhA or VIhA) the action of the bridi takes
place.
A mechanical signal, outside the grammar, indicating that there
is no more text. Useful in talking to computers.
Indicates that the following interval modifier (using TAhE, ROI, or
ZAhO) refers to space rather than time.
Elidable terminator for FIhO. Indicates the end of an ad hoc
modal tag: the tagged sumti immediately follows.
When placed before a selbri, transforms the selbri into a modal
tag, grammatically and semantically equivalent to a member of
selma'o BAI.
Signals the end of a compound alphabet letter word that begins with
TEI. Not an elidable terminator.
Indicates that the following mathematical expression is to be
interpreted as reverse Polish (RP), a mode in which mathematical
operators follow their operands.
Indicates that the following indicator(s) of selma'o
UI affect not the preceding word, as usual, but rather
all following words until a FUhO.
Cancels all indicators of selma'o UI which are in effect.
Indicates the beginning of two logically connected sumti, bridi-tails,
or various other things. Logical connections include ``both
Specifies whether an interval specified by BIhI includes or
excludes its endpoints. Used in pairs before and after the BIhI
cmavo, to specify the nature of both the left- and the right-hand endpoints.
Elidable terminator for GOI. Marks the end of a relative phrase. See
KUhO.
Separates two logically or non-logically connected sumti, tanru
units, bridi-tails, or other things, when the prefix is a forethought
logical connective involving GA, GUhA, or JOI.
Specifies a logical connective (e.g. ``and'', ``or'', ``if'') between
two bridi-tails: a bridi-tail is a selbri with any associated
following sumti, but not including any preceding sumti.
Specifies the beginning of a relative phrase, which associates
a subordinate sumti (following) to another sumti (preceding). See
GEhU, NOI.
A general selma'o for all cmavo which can take the place of brivla.
There are several groups of these.
Indicates the beginning of two logically connected tanru units.
Takes the place of GA when forming logically-connected tanru. See GI.
Separates two sentences from each other.
Specifies a logical connection (e.g. ``and'', ``or'', ``if'') between
two tanru units, mathematical operands, tenses, or abstractions.
When followed by a tense or modal, creates a conversion operator
attachable to a selbri which exchanges the modal place with the x1
place of the selbri. When alone, is a conversion operator exchanging
the x1 place of the selbri (which should be an abstract sumti) with
one of the places of the abstracted-over bridi.
Specifies a non-logical connection (e.g. together-with-as-mass,
-set, or -sequence) between two sumti, tanru units,
or various other things. When immediately followed by GI, provides
forethought non-logical connection analogous to GA.
Indicates that the following mathematical operands (a list terminated
by TEhU) form a mathematical vector (one-dimensional array).
Groups everything between itself and a following KEhE for purposes of logical
connection, tanru construction, or other purposes. KE and KEhE are not used
for mathematical (see VEI and VEhO) or discursive (see TO and TOI) purposes.
Elidable terminator for NU. Marks the end of an abstraction bridi.
Elidable terminator for KE. Marks the end of a grouping.
When preceded by a tense, makes it ``sticky'', so that it applies to
all further bridi until reset by another appearance of KI.
When alone, eliminates all sticky tenses.
A general selma'o which contains all cmavo which can substitute for
sumti. These cmavo are divided into several groups.
Elidable terminator for LE and some uses of LA. Indicates the end
of a description sumti. Also used after a tense or modal to indicate
that no sumti follows, and in the compound NA+KU to indicate natural
language-style negation.
Elidable terminator for PEhO: indicates the end of a forethought
mathematical expression (one in which the operator precedes the
operands).
Elidable terminator for NOI. Indicates the end of a relative clause.
Descriptors which change name words (or selbri) into sumti which
identify people or things by name. Similar to LE. May be terminated
with KU if followed by a description selbri.
Cmavo which combine with the following alphabetic letter to represent
a single marker: change from lower to upper case, change of font,
punctuation, etc.)
Qualifiers which, when prefixed to a sumti, change it into
another sumti with related meaning. Qualifiers can also
consist of a cmavo from selma'o NAhE plus BO. See LUhU.
Descriptors which make selbri into sumti which describe or specify
things that fit into the x1 place of the selbri. See LA, KU.
Indicates the end of a quotation begun with LOhU. Not an elidable
terminator.
Descriptors which change numbers or other mathematical expressions
into sumti which specify numbers or numerical expressions. See LOhO.
Elidable terminator for LU. Indicates the end of a text quotation.
Elidable terminator for LI. Indicates the end of a mathematical
expression used in a LI description.
Indicates the beginning of a quotation (a sumti) which is grammatical
as long as the quoted material consists of Lojban words, whether they
form a text or not. Terminated by LEhU.
Indicates the beginning of a quotation (a sumti) which is grammatical
only if the quoted material also forms a grammatical Lojban text.
Terminated by LIhU.
Elidable terminator for LAhE and NAhE+BO. Indicates the end of a
qualified sumti.
When suffixed to a number or string of letter words, produces a
free modifier which serves as an index number within a text.
Produces a mathematical operator from a letter or other operand.
See TEhU, VUhU.
Produces a tanru unit from a sumti, which is applicable to the things
referenced by the sumti. See MEhU.
The elidable terminator for ME. Indicates the end of a sumti
converted to a tanru unit.
Suffixes added to numbers or other quantifiers to make various
numerically-based selbri.
Produces a mathematical operand from a sumti; used to make
dimensioned units. Terminated by TEhU.
A tense flag indicating movement in space, in a direction specified
by a following FAhA cmavo.
Contradictory negators, asserting that a whole bridi is false (or
true).
Also used to construct logical connective compound cmavo.
Negates the previous word, but can only be used with certain selma'o
as specified by the grammar.
Scalar negators, modifying a selbri or a sumti to a value other
than the one stated, the opposite of the one stated, etc.
Also used with following BO to construct a sumti qualifier; see LAhE.
Creates a mathematical operator from a selbri. See VUhU.
Creates a mathematical operand from a selbri, usually a ``ni''
abstraction. Terminated by TEhU.
Marks the beginning of a new paragraph, and indicates whether
it contains old or new subject matter.
Relative clause introducers. The following bridi modifies the
preceding sumti. Terminated by KUhO. See GOI.
Abstractors which, when prefixed to a bridi, create abstraction selbri.
Terminated by KEI.
Creates a selbri from a mathematical operator. See VUhU.
Marks the beginning of a termset, which is used to make simultaneous
claims involving two or more different places of a selbri.
Elidable terminator for NUhI. Marks the end of a termset, and is
also used in the middle of one to mark the termset joint (a logical
or non-logical connective).
Digits and related quantifiers (some, all, many, etc.).
Precedes a logical or non-logical connective that joins two termsets.
Termsets (see CEhE) are used to associate
several terms for logical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or
for special constructs in tenses.
An optional signal of forethought mathematical operators, which
precede their operands. Terminated by KUhE.
Specifies simple time directions (future, past, or neither).
The pro-bridi update flag: changes the meaning of sumti implicitly
attached to a pro-bridi (see GOhA) to fit the current context rather than
the original context.
A particle which, when suffixed to a number, makes an extensional
tense (e.g. once, twice, many times).
A particle which erases the previous phrase or sentence.
Particles which convert a selbri, rearranging the order of
places by exchanging the x1 place with a specified numbered place.
Also used in constructing connective and modal compound cmavo.
Marks the beginning of metalinguistic insertions which comment on
the main bridi. Terminated by SEhU.
Elidable terminator for SEI and SOI. Ends metalinguistic
insertions.
A particle which erases the previous single word.
Marks reciprocity between two sumti (like ``vice versa'' in English).
A particle which closes and erases the entire previous discourse.
A tense modifier specifying frequencies within an interval of time
or space (regularly, habitually, etc.).
Signals the beginning of a compound letter word, which acts
grammatically like a single letter. Compound letter words end
with the non-elidable selma'o FOI.
Elidable terminator for JOhI, MAhO, MOhE, NAhU, or NIhE. Marks the
end of a mathematical conversion construct.
Left discursive parenthesis: allows inserting a digression. Terminated by
TOI.
Elidable terminator for TO. The right discursive parenthesis.
Groups multiple sentences or paragraphs into a logical unit. Terminated
by TUhU.
Logical terminator for TUhE. Marks the end of a multiple sentence
group.
Particles which indicate the speaker's emotional state or source of
knowledge, or the present stage of discourse.
A tense indicating distance in space (near, far, or neither).
Elidable terminator for a simple bridi, or for each bridi-tail of a
GIhA logical connection.
Left mathematical parenthesis: groups mathematical operations. Terminated
by VEhO.
A tense indicating the size of an interval in space (long, medium,
or short).