2. Incidental relative clauses

   noi NOI incidental relative clause introducer

Consider the following examples:

2.1)  le gerku poi blanu cu barda
    The dog which is-blue is-large.
    The dog which is blue is large.

2.2)   le gerku noi blanu cu barda
    The dog incidentally-which is-blue is-large.
    The dog, which is blue, is large.

In Example 2.1, the information conveyed by ``poi blanu'' is essential to identifying the dog in question: it restricts the possible referents from dogs in general to dogs that are blue. This is why ``poi'' relative clauses are called restrictive. In Example 2.2, on the other hand, the dog which is referred to has presumably already been identified clearly, and the relative clause ``noi blanu'' just provides additional information about it. (If in fact the dog hasn't been identified clearly, then the relative clause does not help identify it further.)

In English, the distinction between restrictive and incidental relative clauses is expressed in writing by surrounding incidental, but not restrictive, clauses with commas. These commas are functioning as parentheses, because incidental relative clauses are essentially parenthetical. This distinction in punctuation is represented in speech by a difference in tone of voice. In addition, English restrictive relative clauses can be introduced by ``that'' as well as ``which'' and ``who'', whereas incidental relative clauses cannot begin with ``that''. Lojban, however, always uses the cmavo ``poi'' and ``noi'' rather than punctuation or intonation to make the distinction.

Here are more examples of incidental relative clauses:

2.3)  mi noi jdice cu zvati
    I who-incidentally am-a-judge am-at [some-place].
    I, a judge, am present.

In this example, ``mi'' is already sufficiently restricted, and the additional information that I am a judge is being provided solely for the listener's edification.

2.4)  xu do viska le mi karce noi blabi
    [True?] You see my car incidentally-which is-white.
    Do you see my car, which is white?

In Example 2.4, the speaker is presumed to have only one car, and is providing incidental information that it is white. (Alternatively, he or she might have more than one car, since ``le karce'' can be plural, in which case the incidental information is that each of them is white.) Contrast Example 2.5 with a restrictive relative clause:

2.5)  xu do viska le mi karce poi blabi
    [True?] You see my car which is-white.
    Do you see my car that is white?
    Do you see my white car?

2.6)  xu do viska le mi blabi karce
    [True?] You see my white car.
    Do you see my car, the white one?