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Utterance pro-sumti: the di'u-series |
Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi
The Lojban Reference Grammar |
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Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ri-series and the go'i-series |
The following cmavo and gismu are discussed in this section:
ko'a KOhA ko'a-series it-1
ko'e KOhA ko'a-series it-2
ko'i KOhA ko'a-series it-3
ko'o KOhA ko'a-series it-4
ko'u KOhA ko'a-series it-5
fo'a KOhA ko'a-series it-6
fo'e KOhA ko'a-series it-7
fo'i KOhA ko'a-series it-8
fo'o KOhA ko'a-series it-9
fo'u KOhA ko'a-series it-10
broda BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-1
brode BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-2
brodi BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-3
brodo BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-4
brodu BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-5
goi GOI pro-sumti assignment
cei CEI pro-bridi assignment
The discussion of personal pro-sumti in Section
2 may have seemed incomplete. In English, the personal
pronouns include not only ``I'' and ``you'' but also ``he'',
``she'', ``it'', and ``they''. Lojban does have equivalents of
this latter group: in fact, it has more of them than English
does. However, they are organized and used very differently.
There are ten cmavo in the ko'a-series, and they may be assigned freely to any sumti whatsoever. The English word ``he'' can refer only to males, ``she'' only to females (and ships and a few other things), ``it'' only to inanimate things, and ``they'' only to plurals; the cmavo of the ko'a-series have no restrictions at all. Therefore, it is almost impossible to guess from the context what ko'a-series cmavo might refer to if they are just used freely:
5.1) la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a blanu
Alice goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.
The English gloss ``it-1'', plus knowledge about the real world, would tend to make English-speakers believe that ``ko'a'' refers to the store; in other words, that its antecedent is ``le zarci''. To a Lojbanist, however, ``la .alis.'' is just as likely an antecedent, in which case Example 5.1 means that Alice, not the store, is blue.
To avoid this pitfall, Lojban employs special syntax, using the cmavo ``goi'':
5.2) la .alis. klama le zarci
.i ko'a goi la .alis. cu blanu
Alice goes-to the store.
It-1, also-known-as Alice, is-blue.
Syntactically, ``goi la .alis.'' is a relative phrase (relative
phrases are explained in Chapter 8).
Semantically, it says that ``ko'a'' and ``la .alis.'' refer to
the same thing, and furthermore that this is true because
``ko'a'' is being defined as meaning ``la .alis.''. It is
equally correct to say:
5.3) la .alis. klama le zarci
.i la .alis. goi ko'a cu blanu
Alice goes-to the store.
Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue.
in other words, ``goi'' is symmetrical. There is a terminator,
``ge'u'' (of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always elidable.
The details are in Chapter 8.
The afterthought form of ``goi'' shown in Example 5.2 and Example 5.3 is probably most common in speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance that we will want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though, ``ko'a'' may be assigned at the point where Alice is first mentioned. An example of this forethought form of ``goi'' is:
5.4) la .alis. goi ko'a klama le zarci
.i ko'a cu blanu
Alice, also-known-as it-1, goes-to the store.
It-1 is-blue.
Again, ``ko'a goi la .alis.'' would have been entirely
acceptable in Example 5.4. This last form
is reminiscent of legal jargon: ``The party of the first part,
hereafter known as Buyer, ... ''.
Just as the ko'a-series of pro-sumti allows a substitute for a sumti which is long or complex, or which for some other reason we do not want to repeat, so the broda-series of pro-bridi allows a substitute for a selbri or even a whole bridi:
5.5) ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda
.i le crino broda cu barda
.i le xunre broda cu cmalu
These are plastic cat-food can covers, or thingies.
The green thingy is large.
The red thingy is small.
The pro-bridi ``broda'' has as its antecedent the selbri
``slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri''. The cmavo ``cei''
performs the role of ``goi'' in assigning ``broda'' to this
long phrase, and ``broda'' can then be used just like any other
brivla. (In fact, ``broda'' and its relatives actually
are brivla: they are gismu in morphology, although they
behave exactly like the members of selma'o GOhA. The reasons
for using gismu rather than cmavo are buried in the Loglan
Project's history.)
Note that pro-bridi are so called because, even though they have the grammar of selbri, their antecedents are whole bridi. In the following rather contrived example, the antecedent of ``brode'' is the whole bridi ``mi klama le zarci'':
5.6) mi klama cei brode le zarci .i do brode
I go-to (which-is claim-1) the store. You claim-1
I go to the store. You, too.
In the second bridi, ``do brode'' means ``do klama le zarci'',
because ``brode'' carries the x2 sumti of ``mi klama le zarci''
along with it. It also potentially carries the x1 sumti as
well, but the explicit x1 sumti ``do'' overrides the ``mi'' of
the antecedent bridi. (Similarly, any tense or negation that is
present in the antecedent is also carried, and can be
overridden by explicit tense or negation cmavo on the
pro-bridi.) These rules hold for all pro-bridi that have
antecedents.
Another use of ``broda'' and its relatives, without assignment, is as ``sample gismu'':
5.7) broda ke brode brodi
a thing-1 type of ( thing-2 type-of thing-3 )
represents an abstract pattern, a certain kind of tanru.
(Historically, this use was the original one.)
As is explained in Chapter 17, the words for Lojban letters, belonging to selma'o BY and certain related selma'o, are also usable as assignable pro-sumti. The main difference between letter pro-sumti and ko'a-series pro-sumti is that, in the absence of an explicit assignment, letters are taken to refer to the most recent name or description sumti beginning with the same letter:
5.8) mi viska le gerku .i gy. cusku zo arf.
I see the dog. D expresses the-word ``Arf!''.
The Lojban word ``gerku'' begins with ``g'', so the antecedent
of ``gy.'', the cmavo for the letter ``g'', must be ``le
gerku''. In the English translation, we use the same principle
to refer to the dog as ``D''. Of course, in case of ambiguity,
``goi'' can be used to make an explicit assignment.
Furthermore, ``goi'' can even be used to assign a name:
5.9) le ninmu goi la sam. cu klama le zarci
The woman also-known-as Sam goes to-the store.
The woman, whom I'll call Sam, goes to the store.
This usage does not imply that the woman's name is Sam, or even that the speaker usually calls the woman ``Sam''. ``Sam'' is simply a name chosen, as if at random, for use in the current context only.
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Previous
Utterance pro-sumti: the di'u-series |
Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi
The Lojban Reference Grammar |
Next
Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ri-series and the go'i-series |