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``Pretty Little Girls' School'': The Structure Of Lojban selbri
The Lojban Reference Grammar |
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A bridi can have cmavo associated with it which specify the time, place, or mode of action. For example, in
13.1) mi pu klama le zarci
I [past] go to-the market.
I went to the market.
the cmavo ``pu'' specifies that the action of the speaker going
to the market takes place in the past. Tenses are explained in
full detail in Chapter 10. Tense is
semantically a property of the entire bridi; however, the usual
syntax for tenses attaches them at the front of the selbri, as
in Example 13.1. There are alternative
ways of expressing tense information as well. Modals, which are
explained in Chapter 9, behave in the
same way as tenses.
Similarly, a bridi may have the particle ``na'' (of selma'o NA) attached to the beginning of the selbri to negate the bridi. A negated bridi expresses what is false without saying anything about what is true. Do not confuse this usage with the scalar negation of Section 12. For example:
13.2) la djonz. na pamoi cusku
Jones (Not!) is-the-first speaker
It is not true that Jones is the first speaker.
Jones isn't the first speaker.
Jones may be the second speaker, or not a speaker at all; Example 13.2 doesn't say. There are other ways of expressing bridi negation as well; the topic is explained fully in Chapter 15.
Various combinations of tense and bridi negation cmavo are permitted. If both are expressed, either order is permissible with no change in meaning:
13.3) mi na pu klama le zarci
mi pu na klama le zarci
It is false that I went to the market.
I didn't go to the market.
It is also possible to have more than one ``na'', in which case
pairs of ``na'' cmavo cancel out:
13.4) mi na na klama le zarci
It is false that it is false that I go to the market.
I go to the market.
It is even possible, though somewhat pointless, to have
multiple ``na'' cmavo and tense cmavo mixed together, subject
to the limitation that two adjacent tense cmavo will be
understood as a compound tense, and must fit the grammar of
tenses as explained in Chapter 10.
13.5) mi na pu na ca klama le zarci
I [not] [past]
[not] [present] go to-the market
It is not the case that in the past it was not
the case that in the present I went
to the market.
I didn't not go to the market.
I went to the market.
Tense, modal, and negation cmavo can appear only at the
beginning of the selbri. They cannot be embedded within it.
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Previous
Scalar negation of selbri |
``Pretty Little Girls' School'': The Structure Of Lojban selbri
The Lojban Reference Grammar |
Next
Some types of asymmetrical tanru |