6. rafsi

Every gismu has from two to five rafsi, each of a different form, but each such rafsi represents only one gismu. It is valid to use any of the rafsi forms in building lujvo --- whichever the reader or listener will most easily understand, or whichever is most pleasing --- subject to the rules of lujvo making. There is a scoring algorithm which is intended to determine which of the possible and legal lujvo forms will be the standard dictionary form (see Section 12).

Each gismu always has at least two rafsi forms; one is the gismu itself (used only at the end of a lujvo), and one is the gismu without its final vowel (used only at the beginning or middle of a lujvo). These forms are represented as -CVC/CV or -CCVCV (called ``the 5-letter rafsi''), and -CVC/C- or -CCVC- (called ``the 4-letter rafsi'') respectively. The dashes in these rafsi form representations show where other rafsi may be attached to form a valid lujvo. When lujvo are formed only from 4-letter and 5-letter rafsi, known collectively as ``long rafsi'', they are called ``unreduced lujvo''.

Some examples of unreduced lujvo forms are:

6.1)  mamtypatfu
    from ``mamta patfu''
    ``mother father'' or ``maternal grandfather''

6.2)   lerfyliste
    from ``lerfu liste''
    ``letter list'' or a ``list of letters''
    (letters of the alphabet)

6.3)   nancyprali
    from ``nanca prali''
    ``year profit'' or ``annual profit''

6.4)   prunyplipe
    from ``pruni plipe''
    ``elastic (springy) leap'' or ``spring'' (the verb)

6.5)  vancysanmi
    from ``vanci sanmi''
    ``evening meal'' or ``supper''

For example, ``zmadu'' (``more than'') has the two short rafsi ``-zma-'' and ``-mau-'' (in addition to its unreduced rafsi ``-zmad-'' and ``-zmadu''), because a vast number of lujvo have been created based on ``zmadu'', corresponding in general to English comparative adjectives ending in ``-er'' such as ``whiter'' (Lojban ``labmau''). On the other hand, ``bakri'' (``chalk'') has no short rafsi and few lujvo.

There are at most one CVC-form, one CCV-form, and one CVV-form rafsi per gismu. In fact, only a tiny handful of gismu have both a CCV-form and a CVV-form rafsi assigned, and still fewer have all three forms of short rafsi. However, gismu with both a CVC-form and another short rafsi are fairly common, partly because more possible CVC-form rafsi exist. Yet CVC-form rafsi, even though they are fairly easy to remember, cannot be used at the end of a lujvo (because lujvo must end in vowels), so justifying the assignment of an additional short rafsi to many gismu.

The intention was to use the available ``rafsi space'' --- the set of all possible short rafsi forms --- in the most efficient way possible; the goal is to make the most-used lujvo as short as possible (thus maximizing the use of short rafsi), while keeping the rafsi very recognizable to anyone who knows the source gismu. For this reason, the letters in a rafsi have always been chosen from among the five letters of the corresponding gismu. As a result, there are a limited set of short rafsi available for assignment to each gismu. At most seven possible short rafsi are available for consideration (of which at most three can be used, as explained above).

Here are the only short rafsi forms that can possibly exist for gismu of the form CVC/CV, like ``sakli''. The digits in the second column represent the gismu letters used to form the rafsi.

   CVC     123     -sak-
    CVC     124     -sal-
    CVV     12'5        -sa'i-
    CVV     125     -sai-
    CCV     345     -kli-
    CCV     132     -ska-

For gismu of the form CCVCV, like ``blaci'', the only short rafsi forms that can exist are:

   CVC     134     -bac-
    CVC     234     -lac
    CVV     13'5        -ba'i-
    CVV     135     -bai-
    CVV     23'5        -la'i-
    CVV     235     -lai-
    CCV     123     -bla-

There are a few restrictions: a CVV-form rafsi without an apostrophe cannot exist unless the vowels make up one of the four diphthongs ``ai'', ``ei'', ``oi'', or ``au''; and a CCV-form rafsi is possible only if the two consonants form a permissible initial consonant pair (see Section 1). Thus ``mamta'', which has the same form as ``salci'', can only have ``mam'', ``mat'', and ``ma'a'' as possible rafsi: in fact, only ``mam'' is assigned to it.

Some cmavo also have associated rafsi, usually CVC-form. For example, the ten common numerical digits, which are all CV form cmavo, each have a CVC-form rafsi formed by adding a consonant to the cmavo. Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru (for a complete list, see Chapter 12).

The term for a lujvo made up solely of short rafsi is ``fully reduced lujvo''. Here are some examples of fully reduced lujvo:

6.6)  cumfri
    from ``cumki lifri''
    ``possible experience''

6.7)   klezba
    from ``klesi zbasu''
    ``category make''

6.8)   kixta'a
    from ``krixa tavla''
    ``cry-out talk''

6.9)   sniju'o
    from ``sinxa djuno''
    ``sign know''

In addition, some of the unreduced forms in the previous example may be fully reduced to:

6.10)    mampa'u
    from ``mamta patfu''
    ``mother father'' or ``maternal grandfather''

6.11) lerste
    from ``lerfu liste''
    ``letter list'' or a ``list of letters''

When attaching two rafsi together, it may be necessary to insert a hyphen letter. In Lojban, the term ``hyphen'' always refers to a letter, either the vowel ``y'' or one of the consonants ``r'' and ``n''. (The letter ``l'' can also be a hyphen, but is not used as one in lujvo.)

The ``y''-hyphen is used after a CVC-form rafsi when joining it with the following rafsi could result in an impermissible consonant pair, or when the resulting lujvo could fall apart into two or more words (either cmavo or gismu).

Thus, the tanru ``pante tavla'' (``protest talk'') cannot produce the lujvo ``patta'a'', because ``tt'' is not a permissible consonant pair; the lujvo must be ``patyta'a''. Similarly, the tanru ``mudri siclu'' (``wooden whistle'') cannot form the lujvo ``mudsiclu''; instead, ``mudysiclu'' must be used. (Remember that ``y'' is not counted in determining whether the first five letters of a brivla contain a consonant cluster: this is why.)

The ``y''-hyphen is also used to attach a 4-letter rafsi, formed by dropping the final vowel of a gismu, to the following rafsi. (This procedure was shown, but not explained, in Examples 6.1 to 6.5.) The lujvo forms ``zunlyjamfu'', ``zunlyjma'', ``zuljamfu'', and ``zuljma'' are all legitimate and equivalent forms made from the tanru ``zunle jamfu'' (``left foot''). Of these, ``zuljma'' is the preferred one since it is the shortest; it thus is likely to be the form listed in a Lojban dictionary.

The ``r''-hyphen and its close relative, the ``n''-hyphen, are used in lujvo only after CVV-form rafsi. A hyphen is always required in a two-part lujvo of the form CVV-CVV, since otherwise there would be no consonant cluster.

An ``r-''hyphen or ``n''-hyphen is also required after the CVV-form rafsi of any lujvo of the form CVV-CVC/CV or CVV-CCVCV since it would otherwise fall apart into a CVV-form cmavo and a gismu. In any lujvo with more than two parts, a CVV-form rafsi in the initial position must always be followed by a hyphen. If the hyphen were to be omitted, the supposed lujvo could be broken into smaller words without the hyphen: because the CVV-form rafsi would be interpreted as a cmavo, and the remainder of the word as a valid lujvo that is one rafsi shorter.

An ``n''-hyphen is only used in place of an ``r''-hyphen when the following rafsi begins with ``r''. For example, the tanru ``rokci renro'' (``rock throw'') cannot be expressed as ``ro'ire'o'' (which breaks up into two cmavo), nor can it be ``ro'irre'o'' (which has an impermissible double consonant); the ``n''-hyphen is required, and the correct form of the hyphenated lujvo is ``ro'inre'o''. The same lujvo could also be expressed without hyphenation as ``rokre'o''.

There is also a different way of building lujvo, or rather phrases which are grammatically and semantically equivalent to lujvo. You can make a phrase containing any desired words, joining each pair of them with the special cmavo ``zei''. Thus,

6.12)    bridi zei valsi

6.13)    xy. zei kantu
    X ray

6.14)    kulnr,farsi zei lolgai
    Farsi floor-cover
    Persian rug

6.15)    na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. livgyterbilma
    non-A, non-B liver-disease
    non-A, non-B hepatitis

6.16)    .cerman. zei xarnykarce
    Sherman war-car
    Sherman tank

6.17)    na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. zei livgyterbilma
    non-A-non-B-hepatitis

Note that rafsi may not be used in ``zei'' phrases, because they are not words. CVV rafsi look like words (specifically cmavo) but there can be no confusion between the two uses of the same letters, because cmavo appear only as separate words or in compound cmavo (which are really just a notation for writing separate but closely related words as if they were one); rafsi appear only as parts of lujvo.