5. lujvo

5.1)  skami pilno

The simplest Lojban tanru are pairings of two concepts or ideas. Such tanru take two simpler ideas that can be represented by gismu and combine them into a single more complex idea. Two-part tanru may then be recombined in pairs with other tanru, or with individual gismu, to form more complex or more specific ideas, and so on.

The meaning of a tanru is usually at least partly ambiguous: ``skami pilno'' could refer to a computer that is a user, or to a user of computers. There are a variety of ways that the modifier component can be related to the modified component. It is also possible to use cmavo within tanru to provide variations (or to prevent ambiguities) of meaning.

Making tanru is essentially a poetic or creative act, not a science. While the syntax expressing the grouping relationships within tanru is unambiguous, tanru are still semantically ambiguous, since the rules defining the relationships between the gismu are flexible. The process of devising a new tanru is dealt with in detail in Chapter 5.

To express a simple tanru, simply say the component gismu together. Thus the binary metaphor ``big boat'' becomes the tanru

5.2)  barda bloti

The binary metaphor ``father mother'' can refer to a paternal grandmother (``a father-ly type of mother''), while ``mother father'' can refer to a maternal grandfather (``a mother-ly type of father''). In Lojban, these become the tanru

5.3)  patfu mamta

5.4)  mamta patfu

The possibility of semantic ambiguity can easily be seen in the last case. To interpret Example 5.4, the listener must determine what type of motherliness pertains to the father being referred to. In an appropriate context, ``mamta patfu'' could mean not ``grandfather'' but simply ``father with some motherly attributes'', depending on the culture. If absolute clarity is required, there are ways to expand upon and explain the exact interrelationship between the components; but such detail is usually not needed.

When a concept expressed in a tanru proves useful, or is frequently expressed, it is desirable to choose one of the possible meanings of the tanru and assign it to a new brivla. For Example 5.1, we would probably choose ``user of computers'', and form the new word

5.5)  sampli

Such a brivla, built from the rafsi which represent its component words, is called a ``lujvo''. Another example, corresponding to the tanru of Example 5.2, would be:

5.6)  bralo'i
    big-boat
    ship

The lujvo that can be built from the tanru ``mamta patfu'' in Example 5.4 is

5.7)  mampa'u

Like gismu, lujvo have only one meaning. When a lujvo is formally entered into a dictionary of the language, a specific definition will be assigned based on one particular interrelationship between the terms. (See Chapter 12 for how this has been done.) Unlike gismu, lujvo may have more than one form. This is because there is no difference in meaning between the various rafsi for a gismu when they are used to build a lujvo. A long rafsi may be used, especially in noisy environments, in place of a short rafsi; the result is considered the same lujvo, even though the word is spelled and pronounced differently. Thus the word ``brivla'', built from the tanru ``bridi valsi'', is the same lujvo as ``brivalsi'', ``bridyvla'', and ``bridyvalsi'', each of which uses a different combination of rafsi.

When assembling rafsi together into lujvo, the rules for valid brivla must be followed: a consonant cluster must occur in the first five letters (excluding ``y'' and ``'''), and the lujvo must end in a vowel.

A ``y'' (which is ignored in determining stress or consonant clusters) is inserted in the middle of the consonant cluster to glue the word together when the resulting cluster is either not permissible or the word is likely to break up. There are specific rules describing these conditions, detailed in Section 6.

An ``r'' (in some cases, an ``n'') is inserted when a CVV-form rafsi attaches to the beginning of a lujvo in such a way that there is no consonant cluster. For example, in the lujvo

5.8)  soirsai
    sonci sanmi
    soldier meal
    field rations

Learning rafsi and the rules for assembling them into lujvo is clearly seen to be necessary for fully using the potential Lojban vocabulary.

Most important, it is possible to invent new lujvo while you speak or write in order to represent a new or unfamiliar concept, one for which you do not know any existing Lojban word. As long as you follow the rules for building these compounds, there is a good chance that you will be understood without explanation.