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Quotations: LU, LIhU, LOhU, LEhU |
Putting It All Together: Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts
The Lojban Reference Grammar |
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The following cmavo are discussed in this section:
zo ZO quote single word
zoi ZOI non-Lojban quotation
la'o ZOI non-Lojban name
The cmavo ``zo'' (of selma'o ZO) is a strong quotation mark for
the single following word, which can be any Lojban word
whatsoever. Among other uses, ``zo'' allows a metalinguistic
word to be referenced without having it act on the surrounding
text. The word must be a morphologically legal (but not
necessarily meaningful) single Lojban word; compound cmavo are
not permitted. For example:
10.1) zo si cu lojbo valsi
``si'' is a Lojbanic word.
Since ``zo'' acts on a single word only, there is no corresponding terminator. Brevity, then, is a great advantage of ``zo'', since the terminators for other kinds of quotation are rarely or never elidable.
The cmavo ``zoi'' (of selma'o ZOI) is a quotation mark for quoting unlexable (non-Lojban) text. Its syntax is ``zoi X. text .X'', where X is a Lojban word (called the delimiting word) which is separated from the quoted text by pauses, and which is not found in the written text or spoken phoneme stream. It is common, but not required, to use the lerfu word (of selma'o BY) which corresponds to the Lojban name of the language being quoted:
10.2) zoi gy. John is a man .gy. cu glico jufra
``John is a man'' is an English sentence.
where ``gy'' stands for ``glico''. Other popular choices of
delimiting words are ``.kuot.'', a Lojban name which sounds
like the English word ``quote'', and the word ``zoi'' itself.
Another possibility is a Lojban word suggesting the topic of
the quotation.
Within written text, the Lojban written word used as a delimiting word may not appear, whereas within spoken text, the sound of the delimiting word may not be uttered. This leads to occasional breakdowns of audio-visual isomorphism: Example 10.3 is fine in speech but ungrammatical as written, whereas Example 10.4 is correct when written but ungrammatical in speech.
10.3) ?mi djuno fi le valsi po'u zoi gy. gyrations .gy.
I know about the word which-is ``gyrations''.
10.4) ?mi djuno fi le valsi po'u zoi jai. gyrations .jai
I know about the word which-is ``gyrations''.
The text ``gy'' appears in the written word ``gyrations'', whereas the sound represented in Lojban by ``jai'' appears in the spoken word ``gyrations''. Such borderline cases should be avoided as a matter of good style.
It should be noted particularly that ``zoi'' quotation is the only way to quote rafsi, specifically CCV rafsi, because they are not Lojban words, and ``zoi'' quotation is the only way to quote things which are not Lojban words. (CVC and CVV rafsi look like names and cmavo respectively, and so can be quoted using other methods.) For example:
10.5) zoi ry. sku .ry. cu rafsi zo cusku
``sku'' is a rafsi of ``cusku''.
(A minor note on interaction between ``lo'u ... le'u'' and
``zoi'': The text between ``lo'u'' and ``le'u'' should consist
of Lojban words only. In fact, non-Lojban material in the form
of a ``zoi'' quotation may also appear. However, if the word
``le'u'' is used either as the delimiting word for the ``zoi''
quotation, or within the quotation itself, the outer ``lo'u''
quotation will be prematurely terminated. Therefore, ``le'u''
should be avoided as the delimiting word in any ``zoi''
quotation.)
Lojban strictly avoids any confusion between things and the names of things:
10.6) zo .bab. cmene la bab.
The-word ``Bob'' is-the-name-of the-one-named Bob.
In Example 10.6, ``zo .bab.'' is the word,
whereas ``la bab.'' is the thing named by the word. The cmavo
``la'e'' and ``lu'e'' (of selma'o LAhE) convert back and forth
between references and their referents:
10.7) zo .bab. cmene la'e zo .bab.
The-word ``Bob'' is-the-name-of
the-referent-of the-word ``Bob''.
10.8) lu'e la bab. cmene la bab.
A-symbol-for Bob is-the-name-of Bob.
Examples 10.6 through 10.8 all mean approximately the same thing,
except for differences in emphasis. Example
10.9 is different:
10.9) la bab. cmene la bab.
Bob is the name of Bob.
and says that Bob is both the name and the thing named, an
unlikely situation. People are not names.
(In Examples 10.6 through 10.7, the name ``bab.'' was separated from a preceding ``zo'' by a pause, thus: ``zo .bab.''. The reason for this extra pause is that all Lojban names must be separated by pause from any preceding word other than ``la'', ``lai'', ``la'i'' (all of selma'o LA) and ``doi'' (of selma'o DOI). There are numerous other cmavo that may precede a name: of these, ``zo'' is one of the most common.)
The cmavo ``la'o'' also belongs to selma'o ZOI, and is mentioned here for completeness, although it does not signal the beginning of a quotation. Instead, ``la'o'' serves to mark non-Lojban names, especially the Linnaean binomial names (such as ``Homo sapiens'') which are the internationally standardized names for species of animals and plants. Internationally known names which can more easily be recognized by spelling rather than pronunciation, such as ``Goethe'', can also appear in Lojban text with ``la'o'':
10.10) la'o dy. Goethe .dy. cu me la'o ly. Homo sapiens .ly.
Goethe is a Homo sapiens.
Using ``la'o'' for all names rather than Lojbanizing, however,
makes for very cumbersome text. A rough equivalent of ``la'o''
might be ``la me zoi''.
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Previous
Quotations: LU, LIhU, LOhU, LEhU |
Putting It All Together: Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts
The Lojban Reference Grammar |
Next
Contrastive emphasis: BAhE |