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lojbau mekso: Mathematical Expressions in Lojban
The Lojban Reference Grammar |
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The following cmavo are discussed in this section:
ro PA all
so'a PA almost all
so'e PA most
so'i PA many
so'o PA several
so'u PA a few
no'o PA the typical number of
da'a PA all but (one) of
piro PA+PA the whole of/all of
piso'a PA+PA almost the whole of
piso'e PA+PA most of
piso'i PA+PA much of
piso'o PA+PA a small part of
piso'u PA+PA a tiny part of
pino'o PA+PA the typical portion of
rau PA enough
du'e PA too many
mo'a PA too few
pirau PA+PA enough of
pidu'e PA+PA too much of
pimo'a PA+PA too little of
Not all the cmavo of PA represent numbers in the usual
mathematical sense. For example, the cmavo ``ro'' means ``all''
or ``each''. This number does not have a definite value in the
abstract: ``li ro'' is undefined. But when used to count or
quantify something, the parallel between ``ro'' and ``pa'' is
clearer:
8.1) mi catlu pa prenu
I look-at one person
8.2) mi catlu ro prenu
I look-at all persons
Example 8.1 might be true, whereas Example 8.2 is almost certainly false.
The cmavo ``so'a'', ``so'e'', ``so'i'', ``so'o'', and ``so'u'' represent a set of indefinite numbers less than ``ro''. As you go down an alphabetical list, the magnitude decreases:
8.3) mi catlu so'a prenu
I look-at almost-all persons
8.4) mi catlu so'e prenu
I look-at most persons
8.5) mi catlu so'i prenu
I look-at many persons
8.6) mi catlu so'o prenu
I look-at several persons
8.7) mi catlu so'u prenu
I look-at a-few persons
The English equivalents are only rough: the cmavo provide space
for up to five indefinite numbers between ``ro'' and ``no'',
with a built-in ordering. In particular, ``so'e'' does not mean
``most'' in the sense of ``a majority'' or ``more than half''.
Each of these numbers, plus ``ro'', may be prefixed with ``pi'' (the decimal point) in order to make a fractional form which represents part of a whole rather than some elements of a totality. ``piro'' therefore means ``the whole of'':
8.8) mi citka piro lei nanba
I eat the-whole-of the-mass-of bread
Similarly, ``piso'a'' means ``almost the whole of''; and so on
down to ``piso'u'', ``a tiny part of''. These numbers are
particularly appropriate with masses, which are usually
measured rather than counted, as Example
8.8 shows.
In addition to these cmavo, there is ``no'o'', meaning ``the typical value'', and ``pino'o'', meaning ``the typical portion'': Sometimes ``no'o'' can be translated ``the average value'', but the average in question is not, in general, a mathematical mean, median, or mode; these would be more appropriately represented by operators.
8.9) mi catlu no'o prenu
I look-at a-typical-number-of persons
8.10) mi citka pino'o lei nanba
I eat a-typical-amount-of the-mass-of bread.
``da'a'' is a related cmavo meaning ``all but'':
8.11) mi catlu da'a re prenu
I look-at all-but two persons
8.12) mi catlu da'a so'u prenu
I look-at all-but a-few persons
Example 8.12 is similar in meaning to Example 8.3.
If no number follows ``da'a'', then ``pa'' is assumed; ``da'a'' by itself means ``all but one'', or in ordinal contexts ``all but the last'':
8.13) ro ratcu ka'e citka da'a ratcu
all rats can eat all-but-one rats.
All rats can eat all other rats.
(The use of ``da'a'' means that Example
8.13 does not require that all rats can eat themselves, but
does allow it. Each rat has one rat it cannot eat, but that one
might be some rat other than itself. Context often dictates
that ``itself'' is, indeed, the ``other'' rat.)
As mentioned in Section 3, ``ma'u'' and ``ni'u'' are also legal numbers, and they mean ``some positive number'' and ``some negative number'' respectively.
8.14) li ci vu'u re du li ma'u
the-number 3 - 2 = some-positive-number
8.15) li ci vu'u vo du li ni'u
the-number 3 - 4 = some-negative-number
8.16) mi ponse ma'u rupnu
I possess a-positive-number-of currency-units.
All of the numbers discussed so far are objective, even if
indefinite. If there are exactly six superpowers
(``rairgugde'', ``superlative-states'') in the world, then ``ro
rairgugde'' means the same as ``xa rairgugde''. It is often
useful, however, to express subjective indefinite values. The
cmavo ``rau'' (enough), ``du'e'' (too many), and ``mo'a'' (too
few) are then appropriate:
8.17) mi ponse rau rupnu
I possess enough currency-units.
Like the ``so'a''-series, ``rau'', ``du'e'', and ``mo'a'' can
be preceded by ``pi''; for example, ``pirau'' means ``a
sufficient part of.''
Another possibility is that of combining definite and indefinite numbers into a single number. This usage implies that the two kinds of numbers have the same value in the given context:
8.18) mi viska le rore gerku
I saw the all-of/two dogs.
I saw both dogs.
8.19) mi speni so'ici prenu
I am-married-to many/three persons.
I am married to three persons
(which is ``many'' in the circumstances).
Example 8.19 assumes a mostly monogamous
culture by stating that three is ``many''.
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Previous
Other useful selbri for mekso bridi |
lojbau mekso: Mathematical Expressions in Lojban
The Lojban Reference Grammar |
Next
Approximation and inexact numbers |