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``Who Did You Pass On The Road? Nobody'': Lojban And Logic
The Lojban Reference Grammar |
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Restricted claims: ``da poi'' |
What happens if we substitute ``everything'' for ``something'' in Example 2.1? We get:
3.1) Everything sees me.Of course, this example is false, because there are many things which do not see the speaker. It is not easy to find simple truthful examples of so-called universal claims (those which are about everything), so bear with us for a while. (Indeed, some Lojbanists tend to avoid universal claims even in other languages, since they are so rarely true in Lojban.)
The Lojban translation of Example 3.1 is
3.2) ro da zo'u da viska mi
For-every X : X sees me.
When the variable cmavo ``da'' is preceded by ``ro'', the
combination means ``For every X'' rather than ``There is an
X''. Superficially, these English formulations look totally
unrelated: Section 6 will bring them within a
common viewpoint. For the moment, accept the use of ``ro da''
for ``everything'' on faith.
Here is a universal claim with two variables:
3.3) ro da ro de zo'u da prami de
For-every X, for-every Y : X loves Y.
Everything loves everything.
Again, X and Y can represent the same thing, so Example 3.3 does not mean ``Everything loves everything else.'' Furthermore, because the claim is universal, it is about every thing, not merely every person, so we cannot use ``everyone'' or ``everybody'' in the translation.
Note that ``ro'' appears before both ``da'' and ``de''. If ``ro'' is omitted before either variable, we get a mixed claim, partly existential like those of Section 2, partly universal.
3.4) ro da de zo'u da viska de
For-every X, there-is-a-Y : X sees Y.
Everything sees something.
3.5) da ro de zo'u da viska de
There-is-an-X such-that-for-every-Y : X sees Y.
Something sees everything.
Examples 3.4 and 3.5
mean completely different things. Example
3.4 says that for everything, there is something which it
sees, not necessarily the same thing seen for every seer. Example 3.5, on the other hand, says that
there is a particular thing which can see everything that there
is (including itself). Both of these are fairly silly, but they
are different kinds of silliness.
There are various possible translations of universal claims in English: sometimes we use ``anybody/anything'' rather than ``everybody/everything''. Often it makes no difference which of these is used: when it does make a difference, it is a rather subtle one which is explained in Section 8.
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Previous
Existential claims, prenexes, and variables |
``Who Did You Pass On The Road? Nobody'': Lojban And Logic
The Lojban Reference Grammar |
Next
Restricted claims: ``da poi'' |