15. Tenses in subordinate bridi

15.1)    John says that George is going to the market.

15.2) John says that George went to the market.

15.3) John said that George went to the market.

15.4) John said that George had gone to the market.

In Example 15.1 and Example 15.2, the tense of the main sentence is the present: ``says''. If George goes when John speaks, we get the present tense ``is going'' (``goes'' would be unidiomatic); if George goes before John speaks, we get the past tense ``went''. But if the tense of the main sentence is the past, with ``said'', then the tense required in the subordinate clause is different. If George goes when John speaks, we get the past tense ``went''; if George goes before John speaks, we get the past-perfect tense ``had gone''.

The rule of English, therefore, is that both the tense of the main sentence and the tense of the subordinate clause are understood relative to the speaker (not John, but the person who speaks Examples 15.1 through 15.4).

Lojban, like Russian and Esperanto, uses a different convention. A tense in a subordinate bridi is understood to be relative to the tense already set in the main bridi. Thus Examples 15.1 through 15.4 can be expressed in Lojban respectively thus:

15.5)    la djan. ca cusku le se du'u
        la djordj. ca klama le zarci
    John [present] says the statement-that
        George [present] goes-to the market.

15.6) la djan. ca cusku le se du'u
        la djordj. pu klama le zarci
    John [present] says the statement-that
        George [past] goes-to the market.

15.7) la djan. pu cusku le se du'u
        la djordj. ca klama le zarci
    John [past] says the statement-that
        George [present] goes-to the market.

15.8) la djan. pu cusku le se du'u
        la djordj. pu klama le zarci
    John [past] says the statement-that
        George [past] goes-to the market.

Probably the most counterintuitive of the Lojban examples is Example 15.7. The ``ca'' looks quite odd, as if George were going to the market right now, rather than back when John spoke. But this ``ca'' is really a ``ca'' with respect to a reference point specified by the outer ``pu''. This behavior is the same as the additive behavior of multiple tenses in the same bridi, as explained in Section 13.

There is a special cmavo ``nau'' (of selma'o CUhE) which can be used to override these rules and get to the speaker's current reference point. (Yes, it sounds like English ``now''.) It is not grammatical to combine ``nau'' with any other cmavo in a tense, except by way of a logical or non-logical connection (see Section 20). Here is a convoluted sentence with several nested bridi which uses ``nau'' at the lowest level:

15.9)    la djan. pu cusku le se du'u
        la .alis pu cusku le se du'u
            la djordj. pu cusku le se du'u
                la maris. nau klama le zarci
    John [past] says the statement-that
        Alice [past] says the statement-that
            George [past] says the statement that
                Mary [now] goes-to the market.
    John said that Alice had said that George had earlier
        said that Mary is now going to the market.